7_CD The_DT future_NN of_IN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS When_WRB massive_JJ economic_JJ restructuring_NN forced_VBD William_NNP H._NN Whyte_NNP Jr_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ (_( 1956_CD )_) ‘_NN organization_NN man_NN ’_NN to_TO walk_VB permanently_RB out_IN of_IN the_DT front_JJ doors_NNS of_IN the_DT corporation_NN ,_, many_JJ of_IN the_DT assumptions_NNS of_IN a_DT traditional_JJ career_NN path_NN followed_VBN shortly_RB behind_IN ._. 
In_IN the_DT wake_NN of_IN his_PRP$ departure_NN ,_, people_NNS were_VBD left_VBN pondering_VBG how_WRB they_PRP would_MD survive_VB without_IN a_DT job_NN for_IN life_NN ,_, a_DT corporate_JJ ‘_NN road_NN map_NN ’_NN to_TO guide_VB their_PRP$ destiny_NN and_CC the_DT firm_JJ ’_NN s_VBZ hierarchy_NN to_TO define_VB their_PRP$ status_NN or_CC place_NN in_IN society_NN ._. 
Without_IN employers_NNS ’_NN orderly_JJ structures_NNS ,_, external_JJ guides_NNS for_IN action_NN ,_, and_CC linear_JJ career_NN paths_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, just_RB what_WP is_VBZ the_DT future_NN of_IN career_NN ?_. 
When_WRB ‘_NN the_DT career_NN ’_NN devolves_NNS to_TO the_DT level_NN of_IN the_DT individual_JJ does_VBZ free_JJ agency_NN prevail_VB and_CC a_DT form_NN of_IN ‘_NN career_NN anarchy_NN ’_NN result_NN ?_. 
Is_VBZ there_RB anything_NN that_WDT can_MD be_VB concluded_VBN about_IN careers_NNS if_IN everyone_NN seems_VBZ to_TO be_VB doing_VBG their_PRP$ own_JJ thing_NN ?_. 

We_PRP argue_VBP here_RB that_IN the_DT answer_NN is_VBZ an_DT emphatic_JJ ‘_NN yes_UH ’_NN ._. 
The_DT new_JJ environment_NN suggests_VBZ a_DT shift_NN from_IN pre-ordained_JJ and_CC linear_JJ development_NN to_TO perpetually_RB changing_VBG career_NN paths_NNS and_CC possibilities_NNS ._. 
As_IN a_DT result_NN a_DT shift_NN from_IN ‘_NN bounded_JJ ’_NN careers_NNS –_NN prescribed_VBN by_IN relatively_RB stable_JJ organisational_NN and_CC occupational_NN structures_NNS –_NN to_TO ‘_NN boundaryless_JJ ’_NN careers_NNS –_NN where_WRB uncertainty_NN and_CC flexibility_NN are_VBP the_DT order_NN of_IN the_DT day_NN –_NN is_VBZ increasingly_RB common_JJ ._. 
The_DT concept_NN of_IN the_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN is_VBZ broadly_RB based_VBN ,_, and_CC intended_VBD to_TO reflect_VB the_DT emergent_NN pace_NN of_IN economic_JJ change_NN ._. 
It_PRP does_VBZ not_RB characterise_NN any_DT single_JJ career_NN form_NN ,_, but_CC rather_RB ‘_NN a_DT range_NN of_IN possible_JJ forms_NNS that_WDT defy_VBP traditional_JJ employment_NN assumptions_NNS ’_NN (_( Arthur_NNP &_CC Rousseau_NNP ,_, 1996_CD ,_, p._NN 6_CD )_) ._. 

The_DT myriad_JJ interactions_NNS of_IN a_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN over_IN a_DT lifetime_NN of_IN work_NN experiences_NNS can_MD appear_VB overwhelming_JJ ._. 
A_DT complex_JJ web_NN of_IN relationships_NNS emerges_VBZ from_IN numerous_JJ exchanges_NNS among_IN individuals_NNS ,_, teams_NNS ,_, and_CC employers_NNS ._. 
The_DT interplay_NN may_MD seem_VB downright_RB chaotic_JJ ._. 
So_RB much_JJ so_RB ,_, that_IN one_PRP may_MD be_VB tempted_VBN to_TO think_VB that_IN no_DT aggregates_NNS can_MD be_VB drawn_VBN from_IN this_DT seemingly_RB random_JJ micro_JJ -_- level_NN behaviour_NN ._. 
Yet_RB ,_, despite_IN the_DT large_JJ amount_NN of_IN publicity_NN generated_VBN as_IN ‘_NN organization_NN man_NN ’_NN was_VBD shown_VBN to_TO the_DT door_NN ,_, a_DT large_JJ proportion_NN of_IN people_NNS who_WP participate_VBP in_IN the_DT work_NN place_NN ,_, and_CC even_RB whole_JJ industries_NNS ,_, never_RB really_RB played_VBN by_IN the_DT traditional_JJ rules_NNS anyway_RB ._. 
For_IN these_DT people_NNS and_CC industries_NNS the_DT ‘_NN boundaryless_JJ career_NN ’_NN is_VBZ simply_RB business_NN as_IN usual_JJ ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ business_NN to_TO which_WDT we_PRP can_MD turn_RB to_TO understand_VB better_VB the_DT future_NN of_IN career_NN or_CC –_NN as_IN we_PRP see_VBP the_DT future_JJ –_NN the_DT boundaryless_JJ _- career_NN ._. 

We_PRP focus_VBP in_IN this_DT chapter_NN on_IN situations_NNS where_WRB boundaryless_JJ career_NN practices_NNS appear_VBP to_TO be_VB well_RB established_VBN and_CC fruitful_JJ ,_, involving_VBG industries_NNS where_WRB open_JJ labour_NN markets_NNS have_VBP thrived_VBD ._. 
Our_PRP$ examination_NN suggests_VBZ that_IN seemingly_RB random_JJ micro_JJ -_- level_NN activities_NNS result_VBP in_IN the_DT creation_NN of_IN emergent_NN pattern_NN and_CC order_NN ._. 
Further_RB examination_NN reveals_VBZ not_RB only_RB order_VB ,_, but_CC remarkable_JJ stability_NN ._. 
In_IN the_DT absence_NN of_IN external_JJ guides_NNS ,_, people_NNS selforganise_NN to_TO learn_VB and_CC make_VB sense_NN of_IN their_PRP$ environments_NNS ._. 
Moreover_RB ,_, the_DT resulting_VBG social_JJ interdependence_NN provides_VBZ a_DT new_JJ form_NN of_IN cohesiveness_NNS that_IN ,_, in_IN turn_NN ,_, introduces_VBZ new_JJ structure_NN ._. 
Micro_JJ -_- level_NN activities_NNS gather_VBP the_DT force_NN and_CC the_DT power_NN to_TO shape_VB macro_JJ -_- level_NN processes_VBZ and_CC larger_JJR institutions_NNS ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ organising_VBG ,_, rather_RB than_IN organisation_NN ,_, that_WDT is_VBZ the_DT catch_NN -_- word_NN of_IN the_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN ._. 

In_IN this_DT chapter_NN we_PRP set_VBD out_IN to_TO explore_VB the_DT pervasive_JJ nature_NN of_IN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS ._. 
We_PRP present_VB a_DT theoretical_JJ perspective_NN through_IN which_WDT we_PRP can_MD understand_VB the_DT dynamics_NNS of_IN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS followed_VBN by_IN descriptive_JJ analysis_NN demonstrating_VBG evidence_NN of_IN theory_NN in_IN practice_NN in_IN two_CD selected_VBN industries_NNS ._. 
First_LS we_PRP present_JJ relevant_JJ aspects_NNS of_IN Karl_NNP Weick_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ work_NN (_( 1979_CD ,_, 1995_CD ,_, and_CC 1996_CD )_) and_CC discuss_VB the_DT process_NN of_IN ‘_NN enactment_NN ’_NN ._. 
We_PRP then_RB examine_VBP the_DT industry_NN cases_NNS ._. 
We_PRP conclude_VBP by_IN refining_VBG the_DT arguments_NNS by_IN noting_VBG key_JJ behavioural_NN aspects_NNS of_IN enactment_NN and_CC other_JJ considerations_NNS of_IN the_DT process_NN ._. 

An_DT enactment_NN perspective_NN Our_PRP$ exploration_NN in_IN this_DT chapter_NN is_VBZ framed_VBN in_IN the_DT social–psychological_JJ perspective_NN of_IN Karl_NNP Weick_NNP (_( 1996_CD )_) ._. 
Weick_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ work_NN provides_VBZ a_DT theoretical_JJ lens_NN for_IN explaining_VBG the_DT processes_NNS at_IN work_NN in_IN boundaryless_JJ career_NN behaviour_NN ._. 
His_PRP$ conception_NN of_IN enactment_NN ,_, directly_RB related_VBN to_TO his_PRP$ previous_JJ (_( 1995_CD )_) work_NN on_IN sensemaking_VBG ,_, explains_VBZ the_DT dynamics_NNS of_IN the_DT characteristic_JJ interdependence_NN that_WDT operates_VBZ in_IN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS ._. 
The_DT enactment_NN view_NN emphasises_NNS that_WDT action_NN creates_VBZ the_DT environment_NN ._. 
That_DT is_VBZ ,_, people_NNS create_VBP situations_NNS and_CC understandings_NNS out_IN of_IN their_PRP$ own_JJ dispositions_NNS and_CC backgrounds_NNS ._. 
A_DT simple_JJ analogy_NN is_VBZ with_IN the_DT legal_JJ system_NN ._. 
People_NNS enact_VB laws_NNS ,_, which_WDT become_VBP part_NN of_IN the_DT legal_JJ system_NN which_WDT in_IN turn_NN influences_VBZ further_JJ behaviour_NN ,_, leading_VBG people_NNS to_TO enact_VB new_JJ laws_NNS ,_, and_CC so_RB on_IN ._. 
A_DT legal_JJ system_NN continually_RB evolves_NNS from_IN the_DT enactment_NN of_IN individual_JJ laws_NNS ._. 
Similarly_RB ,_, career_NN systems_NNS evolve_VB from_IN the_DT enactment_NN of_IN individual_JJ careers_NNS ._. 

Another_DT way_NN to_TO engage_VB with_IN enactment_NN is_VBZ to_TO relate_VB it_PRP to_TO the_DT process_NN of_IN natural_JJ selection_NN ._. 
According_VBG to_TO Weick_NNP (_( 1996_CD )_) ,_, careers_NNS unfold_VB through_IN successive_JJ cycles_NNS of_IN enactment_NN ,_, selection_NN ,_, and_CC retention_NN ,_, whereby_WRB the_DT enactment_NN of_IN careers_NNS gives_VBZ rise_NN to_TO broader_JJR organising_VBG of_IN work_NN arrangements_NNS ._. 
From_IN this_DT standpoint_NN ,_, the_DT ‘_NN basic_JJ theme_NN for_IN the_DT entire_JJ organizing_NN model_NN is_VBZ found_VBN in_IN the_DT following_VBG recipe_NN for_IN sensemaking_VBG :_: ‘_NN ‘_NN How_WRB can_MD I_PRP know_VB what_WP I_PRP think_VBP until_IN I_PRP see_VBP what_WP I_PRP say_VBP ?_. ’_NN ’_NN ’_NN (_( Weick_NNP ,_, 1979_CD ,_, p._NN 133_CD )_) ._. 
In_IN the_DT simplest_JJS form_NN of_IN the_DT recipe_NN ,_, enactment_NN is_VBZ ‘_NN saying_VBG ’_NN (_( action_NN )_) ,_, selection_NN is_VBZ ‘_NN seeing_VBG what_WP I_PRP say_VBP ’_NN (_( perception_NN )_) ,_, and_CC retention_NN is_VBZ ‘_NN knowing_VBG what_WP I_PRP think_VBP ’_NN (_( sensemaking_VBG )_) ._. 

If_IN enactment_NN is_VBZ ‘_NN saying_VBG ’_NN then_RB it_PRP is_VBZ ,_, in_IN essence_NN ,_, the_DT action_NN of_IN individuals_NNS in_IN their_PRP$ environment_NN that_WDT starts_VBZ the_DT process_NN ._. 
When_WRB someone_NN takes_VBZ action_NN ,_, or_CC interacts_NNS with_IN their_PRP$ environment_NN ,_, it_PRP immediately_RB impacts_NNS others_NNS and_CC hence_RB the_DT individual_JJ produces_VBZ part_NN of_IN their_PRP$ environment_NN ._. 
For_IN example_NN ,_, if_IN you_PRP believe_VBP a_DT certain_JJ group_NN of_IN individuals_NNS to_TO be_VB hostile_JJ ,_, when_WRB you_PRP interact_NN with_IN them_PRP your_PRP$ behaviour_NN may_MD reflect_VB your_PRP$ fear_NN ._. 
In_IN response_NN they_PRP may_MD sense_VB that_DT fear_NN and_CC behave_VB in_IN a_DT hostile_JJ manner_NN ._. 
The_DT environment_NN becomes_VBZ hostile_JJ ._. 
Moreover_RB ,_, you_PRP have_VBP contributed_VBN to_TO ‘_NN enacting_VBG ’_NN that_IN hostile_JJ environment_NN ._. 
The_DT result_NN is_VBZ a_DT circular_JJ self_NN -_- reinforcing_VBG relationship_NN resembling_VBG a_DT self_NN -_- fulfilling_JJ prophecy_NN ._. 
An_DT alternative_NN ,_, perhaps_RB more_RBR satisfactory_JJ circular_JJ relationship_NN could_MD result_VB if_IN ,_, instead_RB of_IN fear_NN ,_, you_PRP initially_RB showed_VBD confidence_NN ._. 

How_WRB do_VBP we_PRP relate_VBP this_DT process_NN to_TO boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS ?_. 
For_IN this_DT ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ important_JJ to_TO understand_VB that_IN there_EX is_VBZ less_JJR room_NN for_IN personal_JJ inputs_NNS ,_, manoeuvring_VBG ,_, or_CC ‘_NN enactment_NN ’_NN if_IN there_EX are_VBP clear_JJ salient_NN rules_NNS and_CC structures_NNS defining_VBG behaviour_NN ._. 
In_IN traditional_JJ bounded_JJ organisations_NNS and_CC careers_NNS the_DT proliferation_NN of_IN structure_NN ,_, hierarchy_NN ,_, plans_NNS ,_, detailed_JJ job_NN descriptions_NNS ,_, prescribed_VBN relationships_NNS ,_, and_CC established_VBD ‘_NN road_NN maps_NNS ’_NN provide_VBP an_DT armoury_NN of_IN articulated_JJ rules_NNS and_CC social_JJ cues_NNS to_TO guide_VB behaviour_NN ._. 
The_DT situation_NN is_VBZ ‘_NN strong_JJ ’_NN (_( Mischel_NNP ,_, 1968_CD )_) in_IN as_RB much_JJ as_IN it_PRP provides_VBZ little_JJ scope_NN for_IN improvisation_NN ._. 

In_IN the_DT pure_JJ form_NN of_IN the_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN ,_, however_RB ,_, such_JJ explicit_JJ guides_NNS do_VBP not_RB exist_VB ._. 
Instead_RB of_IN providing_VBG clear_JJ guidelines_NNS ,_, employment_NN situations_NNS are_VBP characterised_JJ by_IN ambiguity_NN ._. 
‘_NN Weak_NNP ’_NN situations_NNS fall_VBP short_JJ of_IN providing_VBG sufficient_JJ incentives_NNS for_IN consistent_JJ behaviour_NN or_CC even_RB similar_JJ expectations_NNS for_IN those_DT operating_VBG within_IN them_PRP (_( Mischel_NNP ,_, 1968_CD )_) ._. 
In_IN ‘_NN weak_JJ ’_NN situations_NNS individuals_NNS are_VBP not_RB able_JJ to_TO interpret_VB events_NNS in_IN the_DT same_JJ way_NN ,_, and_CC the_DT resulting_VBG ambiguity_NN opens_VBZ the_DT door_NN to_TO myriad_JJ personal_JJ interpretations_NNS and_CC opportunities_NNS for_IN enactment_NN ._. 
People_NNS engage_VBP in_IN a_DT stable_JJ process_NN of_IN trial_NN and_CC error_NN that_WDT resembles_VBZ an_DT evolutionary_JJ system_NN (_( Weick_NNP ,_, 1979_CD )_) ._. 
People_NNS join_VBP together_RB in_IN shared_VBN improvisation_NN that_WDT begins_VBZ to_TO form_VB new_JJ codes_NNS and_CC structures_NNS to_TO guide_VB their_PRP$ further_JJ behaviour_NN ._. 
In_IN the_DT process_NN ‘_NN microstrength_NN shapes_VBZ macroweaknesses_NNS ’_NN (_( Weick_NNP ,_, 1996_CD ,_, p._NN 44_CD )_) through_IN the_DT unfolding_VBG of_IN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS ._. 

To_TO illustrate_VB the_DT preceding_VBG argument_NN we_PRP will_MD apply_VB Weick_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ ideas_NNS to_TO descriptions_NNS provided_VBN by_IN AnnaLee_NNP Saxenian_NNP (_( 1996_CD )_) on_IN the_DT dynamics_NNS of_IN the_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP and_CC by_IN Candace_NNP Jones_NNP (_( 1996_CD )_) on_IN the_DT independent_JJ film_NN industry_NN ._. 
We_PRP reinterpret_NN the_DT contributions_NNS of_IN these_DT authors_NNS by_IN explicitly_RB re-framing_JJ them_PRP within_IN Weick_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ framework_NN (_( and_CC we_PRP emphasise_NN it_PRP is_VBZ these_DT three_CD authors_NNS ,_, and_CC their_PRP$ original_JJ descriptions_NNS and_CC ideas_NNS ,_, that_WDT deserve_VBP the_DT major_JJ part_NN of_IN the_DT credit_NN for_IN this_DT chapter_NN )_) ._. 

To_TO show_VB how_WRB enactment_NN and_CC associated_VBN principles_NNS of_IN self_NN -_- organising_NN and_CC learning_VBG come_VB to_TO life_NN ,_, we_PRP will_MD trace_VB the_DT process_NN of_IN enactment_NN in_IN each_DT setting_VBG ._. 
First_LS ,_, we_PRP will_MD describe_VB the_DT factors_NNS that_WDT have_VBP contributed_VBN to_TO boundaryless_JJ career_NN forms_NNS in_IN each_DT example_NN ._. 
Next_JJ ,_, we_PRP will_MD cite_VB some_DT of_IN the_DT characteristics_NNS that_WDT make_VBP the_DT resulting_VBG circumstances_NNS ‘_NN weak_JJ ’_NN ._. 
After_IN that_IN we_PRP will_MD discuss_VB the_DT social_JJ behaviour_NN and_CC collective_JJ actions_NNS that_WDT fill_VBP the_DT resulting_VBG void_NN in_IN the_DT environment_NN ._. 
Finally_RB ,_, we_PRP will_MD point_VB out_RP the_DT patterns_NNS ,_, order_NN ,_, and_CC shape_VB we_PRP see_VBP enactment_NN bringing_VBG to_TO each_DT of_IN these_DT respective_JJ settings_NNS ._. 
By_IN doing_VBG so_IN we_PRP hope_VBP to_TO convey_VB the_DT pervasive_JJ qualities_NNS of_IN both_DT the_DT process_NN of_IN enactment_NN and_CC the_DT vehicle_NN through_IN which_WDT it_PRP operates_VBZ –_NN the_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN ._. 

The_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP The_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP is_VBZ notorious_JJ for_IN the_DT individual_JJ and_CC collective_JJ success_NN of_IN its_PRP$ firms_NNS ._. 
So_RB much_JJ so_IN that_IN the_DT name_NN ‘_NN Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP ’_NN has_VBZ come_VBN to_TO be_VB synonymous_JJ with_IN the_DT electronics_NNS industry_NN ._. 
The_DT region_NN is_VBZ regarded_VBN as_IN the_DT centre_NN for_IN excellence_NN and_CC innovation_NN and_CC has_VBZ given_VBN rise_NN to_TO some_DT of_IN the_DT world_NN ’_NN s_VBZ most_RBS influential_JJ firms_NNS ,_, including_VBG Apple_NNP ,_, Hewlett_NNP Packard_NNP ,_, and_CC Intel_NNP ._. 
Since_IN its_PRP$ inception_NN the_DT Valley_NNP has_VBZ operated_VBN with_IN an_DT individualistic_JJ open_JJ labour_NN market_NN ._. 
Today_NN ,_, the_DT learning_VBG advantages_NNS that_WDT emanate_NN from_IN associated_VBN boundaryless_JJ career_NN behaviour_NN are_VBP regarded_VBN as_IN a_DT key_JJ source_NN of_IN competitive_JJ advantage_NN for_IN the_DT region_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, 1996_CD )_) ._. 
One_PRP can_MD argue_VB that_IN the_DT Valley_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ ‘_NN boundarylessness_NNS ’_NN is_VBZ a_DT necessary_JJ feature_NN of_IN operating_VBG in_IN a_DT dynamic_JJ industry_NN that_WDT demands_NNS constant_JJ innovation_NN ._. 
Proponents_NNS point_VBP out_IN that_IN ,_, in_IN order_NN to_TO learn_VB and_CC solve_VB the_DT problems_NNS encountered_VBD in_IN rapid_JJ technological_JJ advancement_NN ,_, knowledge_NN must_MD be_VB shared_VBN among_IN firms_NNS in_IN a_DT symbiotic_JJ balance_NN between_IN co-operation_JJ and_CC competition_NN ._. 
Boundaryless_NNP characteristics_NNS appear_VBP more_RBR prominently_RB when_WRB an_DT industry_NN is_VBZ knowledge_NN –_NN rather_RB than_IN capital_NN -_- intensive_JJ or_CC when_WRB firms_NNS operate_VBP in_IN economic_JJ clusters_NNS ._. 

However_RB ,_, other_JJ industry_NN clusters_NNS and_CC several_JJ notable_JJ large_JJ electronics_NNS firms_NNS do_VBP not_RB engage_VB with_IN boundaryless_JJ practices_NNS ._. 
We_PRP may_MD ,_, therefore_RB ,_, attribute_VBP the_DT ‘_NN boundaryless_JJ ’_NN features_NNS of_IN the_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP to_TO its_PRP$ heritage_NN ._. 
Some_DT believe_VBP this_DT is_VBZ in_IN part_NN due_JJ to_TO the_DT location_NN of_IN the_DT region_NN ,_, hosting_VBG a_DT ‘_NN West_NNP Coast_NNP ’_NN Northern_NNP Californian_NN alternative_NN in_IN geographical_JJ isolation_NN from_IN the_DT established_VBN ‘_NN East_NNP Coast_NNP ’_NN industry_NN ._. 
The_DT greenfield_NN site_NN had_VBD an_DT empty_JJ slate_NN and_CC no_DT institutional_JJ rules_NNS ._. 
Others_NNS ,_, like_IN the_DT late_JJ William_NNP Hewlett_NNP ,_, a_DT key_JJ and_CC highly_RB influential_JJ founder_NN of_IN the_DT region_NN ,_, believe_VBP that_DT success_NN stemmed_VBD from_IN the_DT learning_VBG advantages_NNS of_IN an_DT open_JJ labour_NN market_NN ._. 
Hewlett_NNP ‘_NN routinely_RB offered_VBD the_DT following_VBG advice_NN . . ._... ‘_NN ‘_NN If_IN you_PRP want_VBP to_TO succeed_VB here_RB you_PRP need_VBP to_TO be_VB willing_JJ to_TO do_VB three_CD things_NNS :_: change_NN jobs_NNS often_RB ,_, talk_NN to_TO your_PRP$ competitors_NNS and_CC take_VB risks_NNS –_NN even_RB if_IN it_PRP means_VBZ failing_VBG ’_NN ’_NN ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, 1996_CD ,_, p._NN 23_CD )_) ._. 
Hewlett_NNP was_VBD himself_PRP influenced_VBN by_IN his_PRP$ Stanford_NNP Dean_NNP of_IN Engineering_NNP William_NNP Terman_NNP ,_, a_DT mentor_NN and_CC an_DT influential_JJ Hewlett_NNP Packard_NNP board_NN member_NN (_( Collins_NNP &_CC Porras_NNP ,_, 1995_CD )_) ._. 
Today_NN ,_, Hewlett_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ and_CC Terman_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ philosophy_NN permeates_NNS the_DT region_NN ._. 
Despite_IN fierce_JJ inter-firm_JJ competition_NN ,_, open_JJ information_NN exchange_NN is_VBZ common_JJ practice_NN among_IN the_DT region_NN ’_NN s_VBZ producers_NNS ._. 

Several_JJ features_NNS of_IN the_DT Valley_NNP contribute_VBP to_TO creating_VBG a_DT ‘_NN weak_JJ ’_NN environment_NN ._. 
The_DT high_JJ pace_NN of_IN technology_NN and_CC product_NN life_NN cycles_NNS ,_, fluidity_NN of_IN firm_JJ formation_NN and_CC failure_NN ,_, rapid_JJ employee_NN turnover_NN resulting_VBG in_IN little_RB com-pany_NN -_- specific_JJ socialisation_NN ,_, as_RB well_RB as_IN a_DT lack_NN of_IN meaningful_JJ institutionally_RB based_VBN hierarchy_NN ,_, all_DT contribute_VBP to_TO an_DT environment_NN in_IN which_WDT individuals_NNS rely_VBP on_IN alternative_JJ cues_NNS to_TO guide_VB their_PRP$ behaviour_NN ._. 
For_IN example_NN ,_, in_IN the_DT Valley_NNP ,_, technology_NN moves_NNS quickly_RB and_CC competition_NN is_VBZ tough_JJ ._. 
New_JJ firms_NNS form_VBP almost_RB overnight_RB -_- and_CC many_JJ disappear_VB just_RB as_RB quickly_RB ._. 
When_WRB firms_NNS come_VBP and_CC go_VB like_IN ships_NNS in_IN the_DT night_NN it_PRP is_VBZ not_RB surprising_JJ that_IN employees_NNS tend_VBP to_TO identify_VB with_IN their_PRP$ profession_NN ,_, not_RB their_PRP$ company_NN ._. 
Moreover_RB ,_, people_NNS ’_NN s_VBZ loyalty_NN is_VBZ not_RB only_RB to_TO their_PRP$ profession_NN ,_, but_CC to_TO the_DT host_NN industry_NN region_NN ._. 
‘_NN As_IN one_CD local_JJ semiconductor_NN executive_NN reportedly_RB noted_VBD :_: ‘_NN ‘_NN Many_JJ of_IN us_PRP wake_VBP up_RB in_IN the_DT morning_NN thinking_VBG that_IN we_PRP work_VBP for_IN Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP Inc._NN ’_NN ’_NN ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, 1996_CD ,_, p._NN 23_CD )_) ._. 
They_PRP view_VBP job_NN -_- changing_NN as_IN the_DT norm_NN ._. 

Average_JJ job_NN tenure_NN is_VBZ in_IN the_DT area_NN of_IN two_CD years_NNS ,_, and_CC annual_JJ turnover_NN is_VBZ around_IN 35_CD %_NN ,_, and_CC often_RB higher_JJR for_IN smaller_JJR firms_NNS (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, 1996_CD )_) ._. 
As_IN one_CD engineer_NN explained_VBD :_: ‘_NN two_CD or_CC three_CD years_NNS is_VBZ about_IN the_DT max_NN [_NN at_IN a_DT job_NN ]_NN for_IN the_DT Valley_NNP because_IN there_EX ’_NN s_VBZ always_RB something_NN more_RBR interesting_JJ across_IN the_DT street_NN ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, p._NN 28_CD )_) ._. 
Knowledge_NNP and_CC practices_NNS cross_VBP company_NN borders_NNS at_IN a_DT pace_NN that_WDT defies_VBZ the_DT embedding_VBG of_IN ‘_NN routines_NNS ’_NN within_IN the_DT boundaries_NNS of_IN any_DT single_JJ company_NN ,_, and_CC instead_RB favours_NNS inter-company_JJ exchange_NN ._. 
Everyone_NN knows_VBZ that_IN ,_, upon_IN leaving_VBG a_DT company_NN ,_, they_PRP may_MD well_RB work_VB together_RB again_RB in_IN the_DT future_JJ :_: ‘_NN A_DT colleague_NN might_MD become_VB a_DT customer_NN or_CC a_DT competitor_NN ;_: today_NN ’_NN s_VBZ boss_NN could_MD be_VB tomorrow_NN ’_NN s_VBZ subordinate_JJ ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, p._NN 29_CD )_) ._. 
Institutionally_NNP based_VBD hierarchy_NN ,_, therefore_RB ,_, loses_VBZ its_PRP$ saliency_NN ._. 
In_IN the_DT Valley_NNP ,_, respect_NN and_CC authority_NN are_VBP gained_VBN through_IN competence_NN ,_, technical_JJ excellence_NN ,_, and_CC market_NN share_NN ,_, with_IN the_DT highest_JJS regard_NN accorded_VBN to_TO successful_JJ entrepreneurs_NNS ._. 

In_IN the_DT context_NN of_IN this_DT ‘_NN weak_JJ ’_NN environment_NN ,_, clear_JJ social_JJ behaviour_NN emerges_VBZ as_IN structure_NN gets_VBZ built_VBN at_IN the_DT micro_JJ -_- level_NN ._. 
People_NNS seek_VBP to_TO form_VB relationships_NNS and_CC routines_NNS in_IN order_NN to_TO learn_VB and_CC thrive_VBP in_IN their_PRP$ surroundings_NNS ._. 
In_IN the_DT Valley_NNP ,_, information_NN is_VBZ the_DT life_NN -_- blood_NN of_IN the_DT industry_NN and_CC continuous_JJ learning_NN through_IN relationships_NNS is_VBZ the_DT key_NN to_TO a_DT successful_JJ career_NN ._. 
People_NNS build_VBP their_PRP$ own_JJ competence_NN by_IN active_JJ membership_NN in_IN the_DT larger_JJR learning_VBG community_NN ._. 
Learning_NNP takes_VBZ place_NN in_IN the_DT pub_NN or_CC club_NN ._. 
In_IN the_DT Valley_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ early_JJ days_NNS ,_, it_PRP used_VBD to_TO take_VB place_NN in_IN the_DT infamous_JJ Wagon_NNP Wheel_NNP Bar_NNP and_CC the_DT Homebrew_NNP Computer_NNP Club_NNP ._. 
Now_RB it_PRP takes_VBZ place_NN in_IN one_CD of_IN many_JJ watering_NN holes_NNS or_CC hobby_NN groups_NNS where_WRB the_DT Valley_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ high_JJ -_- technology_NN workers_NNS regularly_RB meet_VBP for_IN lunch_NN or_CC after_IN work_NN ._. 
In_IN these_DT meeting_NN places_NNS ,_, people_NNS gather_VBP to_TO see_VB old_JJ friends_NNS ,_, gossip_NN ,_, and_CC make_VB new_JJ acquaintances_NNS ._. 
In_IN the_DT workers_NNS ’_NN adopted_VBD social_JJ settings_NNS ,_, the_DT transition_NN from_IN friendly_JJ chatter_NN to_TO serious_JJ business_NN occurs_VBZ naturally_RB ._. 

In_IN the_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP ,_, collective_JJ actions_NNS unfold_VB through_IN a_DT combination_NN of_IN mutual_JJ interests_NNS ,_, intellectual_JJ curiosity_NN ,_, and_CC problem_NN solving_VBG geared_VBN towards_IN developing_VBG new_JJ markets_NNS ,_, technologies_NNS ,_, products_NNS ,_, or_CC applications_NNS for_IN computers_NNS ._. 
Workers_NNS have_VBP a_DT systemic_JJ commitment_NN to_TO technical_JJ excellence_NN in_IN their_PRP$ field_NN ._. 
As_IN one_CD engineer_NN explained_VBD ,_, the_DT process_NN is_VBZ quite_RB simple_JJ :_: ‘_NN people_NNS rub_VBP shoulders_NNS and_CC share_NN ideas_NNS ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, p._NN 27_CD )_) ._. 
The_DT knowledge_NN of_IN these_DT informal_JJ groups_NNS is_VBZ so_RB powerful_JJ that_IN many_JJ ‘_NN local_JJ entrepreneurs_NNS came_VBD to_TO see_VB social_JJ relationships_NNS and_CC even_RB gossip_NN as_IN crucial_JJ aspects_NNS of_IN their_PRP$ business_NN ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, p._NN 26_CD )_) As_IN one_CD local_JJ manager_NN claimed_VBD :_: ‘_NN ‘_NN ‘_NN Over_IN a_DT lunch_NN conversation_NN or_CC a_DT beer_NN ,_, you_PRP ’_NN ll_NN learn_VB that_DT company_NN A_DT or_CC company_NN B_NNP has_VBZ a_DT technology_NN you_PRP want_VBP . . ._... If_IN it_PRP fits_VBZ your_PRP$ needs_NNS ,_, you_PRP ’_NN ll_NN build_VB it_PRP into_IN your_PRP$ next_JJ product_NN ’_NN ’_NN ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, p._NN 31_CD )_) ._. 
In_IN this_DT manner_NN ,_, micro_JJ -_- level_NN conversations_NNS influence_VBP the_DT creation_NN of_IN new_JJ technologies_NNS ,_, products_NNS ,_, and_CC applications_NNS ._. 

It_PRP is_VBZ through_IN such_JJ social_JJ interaction_NN and_CC collective_JJ action_NN that_IN we_PRP begin_VBP to_TO understand_VB how_WRB patterns_NNS and_CC order_NN emerge_VB in_IN the_DT Valley_NNP ._. 
In_IN the_DT absence_NN of_IN hierarchy_NN and_CC centralised_JJ planning_NN ,_, employees_NNS in_IN the_DT Valley_NNP rely_VB on_IN their_PRP$ skills_NNS ,_, rather_RB than_IN on_IN formal_JJ position_NN ,_, to_TO provide_VB a_DT reference_NN point_NN for_IN their_PRP$ careers_NNS ._. 
Such_JJ self_NN -_- generated_VBN guides_NNS are_VBP reinforced_VBN by_IN professional_JJ social_JJ networks_NNS ,_, which_WDT provide_VBP a_DT tacit_JJ road_NN map_NN about_IN who_WP knows_VBZ who_WP and_CC who_WP does_VBZ what_WP in_IN the_DT industry_NN ._. 
These_DT networks_NNS serve_VBP as_IN efficient_JJ job_NN search_NN networks_NNS and_CC makeshift_JJ recruitment_NN centres_NNS ._. 
As_IN one_CD engineer_NN reported_VBD :_: ‘_NN ‘_NN ‘_NN You_PRP don_VB ’_NN t_NN just_RB hire_VB people_NNS out_IN of_IN the_DT blue_NN ._. 
In_IN general_JJ ,_, it_PRP ’_NN s_VBZ people_NNS you_PRP know_VBP ,_, or_CC you_PRP know_VBP someone_NN who_WP knows_VBZ them_PRP ’_NN ’_NN ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, p._NN 27_CD )_) ._. 
Social_JJ networks_NNS impose_VB structure_NN on_IN larger_JJR and_CC looser_JJR situations_NNS ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ the_DT region_NN and_CC its_PRP$ relationships_NNS ,_, rather_RB than_IN the_DT firm_NN ,_, that_WDT define_VB opportunities_NNS for_IN individual_JJ and_CC collective_JJ advances_NNS in_IN Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, 1996_CD )_) ._. 

Thus_RB ,_, while_IN Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ high_JJ rates_NNS of_IN job_NN mobility_NN and_CC new_JJ -_- firm_NN formation_NN lead_NN to_TO local_JJ losses_NNS for_IN individual_JJ firms_NNS ,_, they_PRP also_RB foster_VB a_DT dynamic_JJ process_NN of_IN adaptation_NN that_WDT spurs_VBZ the_DT evolution_NN of_IN the_DT region_NN ._. 
Knowledge_NNP of_IN the_DT latest_JJS techniques_NNS in_IN design_NN ,_, production_NN ,_, and_CC marketing_NN is_VBZ diffused_JJ rapidly_RB throughout_IN the_DT area_NN ._. 
The_DT result_NN is_VBZ an_DT exceptional_JJ rate_NN of_IN technical_JJ and_CC organisational_NN innovation_NN created_VBN by_IN a_DT ‘_NN complex_JJ mix_NN of_IN social_JJ solidarity_NN and_CC individualistic_JJ competition_NN ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, 1996_CD ,_, p._NN 25_CD )_) ._. 
The_DT resilience_NN of_IN Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ economy_NN shows_VBZ that_IN an_DT unpredictable_JJ open_JJ labour_NN market_NN and_CC seemingly_RB ‘_NN chaotic_JJ ’_NN career_NN paths_NNS and_CC relationships_NNS have_VBP led_VBN to_TO macro_JJ -_- economic_JJ stability_NN for_IN the_DT region_NN and_CC hence_RB continued_VBD opportunity_NN for_IN the_DT community_NN at_IN large_JJ ._. 
‘_NN Ironically_RB ,_, many_JJ of_IN these_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP job_NN hoppers_NNS may_MD well_RB have_VB led_VBN more_RBR stable_JJ lives_NNS than_IN the_DT upwardly_RB mobile_JJ ‘_NN ‘_NN organizational_JJ men_NNS ’_NN ’_NN of_IN the_DT 1950s_NN who_WP were_VBD transferred_VBN from_IN place_NN to_TO place_VB by_IN the_DT same_JJ employer_NN ’_NN (_( Saxenian_NNP ,_, p._NN 28_CD )_) ._. 

The_DT independent_JJ film_NN -_- making_NN industry_NN Like_IN the_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP ,_, the_DT independent_JJ film_NN -_- making_NN industry_NN is_VBZ noted_VBN for_IN its_PRP$ innovative_JJ ability_NN ,_, cutting_VBG edge_NN creativity_NN ,_, and_CC overall_JJ economic_JJ success_NN ._. 
Like_IN in_IN the_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP ,_, boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS are_VBP central_JJ to_TO independent_JJ film_NN -_- making_NN activities_NNS ._. 
These_DT activities_NNS evolved_VBD in_IN the_DT wake_NN of_IN fierce_JJ competition_NN posed_VBN by_IN the_DT proliferation_NN of_IN television_NN and_CC the_DT need_NN to_TO cut_VB fixed_VBN costs_NNS ._. 
They_PRP superseded_VBD the_DT former_JJ studio_NN -_- based_JJ model_NN of_IN in_IN -_- house_NN film_NN production_NN ,_, and_CC its_PRP$ associated_VBN restrictive_JJ practices_NNS ._. 
Since_IN the_DT early_JJ 1970s_NN ,_, the_DT new_JJ model_NN has_VBZ persisted_VBD ._. 
Boundaryless_NNP careers_NNS provide_VBP the_DT building_NN blocks_NNS that_WDT combine_VBP to_TO facilitate_VB production_NN of_IN the_DT industry_NN ’_NN s_VBZ separately_RB creative_JJ parts_NNS ._. 
Independent_JJ film_NN production_NN has_VBZ thrived_VBD as_IN a_DT superior_JJ organising_VBG model_NN to_TO its_PRP$ in_IN -_- house_NN predecessor_NN (_( Jones_NNP ,_, 1996_CD )_) ._. 

Several_JJ characteristics_NNS of_IN the_DT independent_JJ film_NN industry_NN favour_NN boundarylessness_NNS ,_, including_VBG the_DT uncertainty_NN in_IN the_DT marketplace_NN ,_, the_DT limited_JJ project_NN duration_NN ,_, the_DT lack_NN of_IN vertical_JJ integration_NN among_IN industry_NN players_NNS ,_, and_CC the_DT excess_JJ supply_NN of_IN quality_NN labour_NN ._. 
The_DT uncertainty_NN of_IN the_DT market_NN stems_VBZ from_IN the_DT fact_NN that_DT production_NN of_IN any_DT particular_JJ film_NN revolves_VBZ around_IN whether_IN or_CC not_RB sufficient_JJ financing_NN is_VBZ obtained_VBN to_TO start_VB and_CC ultimately_RB complete_JJ production_NN of_IN any_DT given_VBN film_NN ._. 
When_WRB financing_NN is_VBZ arranged_VBN ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ specifically_RB for_IN the_DT purpose_NN of_IN completing_VBG a_DT single_JJ project_NN ,_, the_DT making_NN of_IN the_DT film_NN ._. 
The_DT limited_JJ duration_NN of_IN the_DT project_NN is_VBZ such_JJ that_IN all_DT resources_NNS ,_, including_VBG human_JJ resources_NNS ,_, are_VBP temporary_JJ ._. 
The_DT assembled_VBN company_NN is_VBZ essentially_RB wound_VBN down_RB upon_IN the_DT film_NN ’_NN s_VBZ release_NN ._. 
At_IN this_DT time_NN ,_, the_DT film_NN ’_NN s_VBZ credits_NNS symbolise_NN that_IN those_DT who_WP made_VBD it_PRP have_VBP moved_VBN on_IN to_TO other_JJ assignments_NNS ._. 

Uncertainty_NN over_IN financing_NN and_CC limited_JJ project_NN duration_NN foster_VB a_DT ‘_NN weak_JJ ’_NN environment_NN in_IN which_WDT permanent_JJ structure_NN is_VBZ dysfunctional_NN ._. 
Studios_NNP combine_VB with_IN subcontractors_NNS for_IN specific_JJ film_NN projects_NNS and_CC disband_VB when_WRB the_DT work_NN is_VBZ done_VBN ._. 
Moreover_RB ,_, the_DT project_NN -_- based_JJ system_NN allows_VBZ for_IN highly_RB complex_JJ ,_, unique_JJ ‘_NN products_NNS ’_NN –_- films_NNS –_- to_TO benefit_VB from_IN rapid_JJ and_CC efficient_JJ allocation_NN and_CC re-allocation_JJ of_IN resources_NNS ._. 
Each_DT time_NN a_DT film_NN is_VBZ completed_VBN the_DT whole_JJ process_NN starts_VBZ over_IN again_RB and_CC employment_NN relationships_NNS are_VBP re-negotiated_JJ ._. 
A_DT ready_JJ supply_NN of_IN quality_NN labour_NN contributes_VBZ to_TO the_DT success_NN of_IN the_DT independent_JJ production_NN model_NN ._. 
The_DT industry_NN is_VBZ a_DT magnet_NN for_IN talented_JJ ,_, committed_VBN workers_NNS eager_JJ for_IN work_NN on_IN the_DT industry_NN ’_NN s_VBZ terms_NNS ._. 
These_DT include_VBP being_VBG ready_JJ to_TO depart_VB to_TO remote_JJ locations_NNS at_IN a_DT moment_NN ’_NN s_VBZ notice_NN ._. 
However_RB ,_, as_IN with_IN Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP high_JJ -_- technology_NN projects_NNS ,_, much_JJ of_IN the_DT work_NN is_VBZ economically_RB ‘_NN clustered_VBN ’_NN ,_, thereby_RB facilitating_VBG fluidity_NN of_IN movement_NN from_IN one_CD challenge_NN to_TO another_DT ._. 

As_IN Jones_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ (_( 1996_CD )_) research_NN affirms_NNS ,_, people_NNS ’_NN s_VBZ social_JJ behaviour_NN reveals_VBZ that_IN several_JJ distinct_JJ stages_NNS can_MD be_VB observed_VBN over_IN the_DT course_NN of_IN a_DT career_NN in_IN the_DT film_NN industry_NN ._. 
At_IN the_DT ‘_NN beginning_VBG ’_NN stage_NN ,_, freelance_NN employees_NNS are_VBP constantly_RB vying_VBG to_TO participate_VB in_IN an_DT industry_NN in_IN which_WDT there_EX are_VBP no_DT clear_JJ rules_NNS for_IN entry_NN ._. 
As_IN one_CD grip_NN /_NN electrician_NN explained_VBD :_: ‘_NN ‘_NN ‘_NN There_EX ’_NN s_VBZ no_DT tried_VBN and_CC true_JJ way_NN to_TO get_VB started_VBD ._. 
You_PRP have_VBP to_TO find_VB people_NNS you_PRP like_VBP who_WP make_VBP movies_NNS . . ._... It_PRP ’_NN s_VBZ getting_VBG the_DT first_JJ job_NN that_WDT is_VBZ the_DT hardest_JJS ’_NN ’_NN ’_NN (_( Jones_NNP ,_, 1996_CD ,_, p._NN 62_CD )_) ._. 
Once_RB inside_RB ,_, the_DT worker_NN at_IN the_DT ‘_NN crafting_VBG ’_NN stage_NN finds_VBZ that_IN ,_, ‘_NN You_PRP build_VBP your_PRP$ reputation_NN every_DT day_NN ._. 
You_PRP ’_NN re_NN only_RB as_RB good_JJ as_IN your_PRP$ last_JJ job_NN ’_NN (_( pp._NN 64_CD –_NN 5_CD )_) ._. 
Reputation_NNP matters_NNS ,_, as_IN careers_NNS are_VBP self_NN -_- _NN managed_JJ and_CC advanced_VBD through_IN successive_JJ ‘_NN credits_NNS ’_NN that_DT span_NN multiple_JJ ,_, largely_RB forgotten_VBN ,_, temporary_JJ film_NN -_- making_NN companies_NNS ._. 

Having_VBG learned_VBN key_JJ skills_NNS and_CC become_VB indoctrinated_VBN into_IN the_DT industry_NN culture_NN ,_, individuals_NNS enter_VBP a_DT ‘_NN navigating_VBG ’_NN stage_NN ,_, furthering_VBG their_PRP$ reputation_NN and_CC developing_VBG the_DT personal_JJ contacts_NNS that_WDT provide_VBP the_DT resources_NNS to_TO navigate_VB from_IN one_CD project_NN to_TO another_DT ._. 
In_IN the_DT words_NNS of_IN one_CD film_NN commissioner_NN ,_, ‘_NN ‘_NN ‘_NN We_PRP are_VBP a_DT big_JJ industry_NN but_CC a_DT small_JJ industry_NN because_IN we_PRP talk_VBP to_TO one_CD another_DT ’_NN ’_NN ’_NN (_( Jones_NNP ,_, 1996_CD ,_, p._NN 65_CD )_) ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ through_IN talking_VBG to_TO each_DT other_JJ that_IN people_NNS gain_VBP access_NN to_TO experiences_NNS that_IN both_DT hone_VB existing_VBG abilities_NNS and_CC cultivate_NN more_RBR complex_JJ skills_NNS ._. 
Eventually_RB ,_, successful_JJ careers_NNS go_VBP full_JJ circle_NN and_CC move_NN to_TO a_DT ‘_NN maintenance_NN ’_NN stage_NN ._. 
Here_RB ,_, senior_JJ members_NNS of_IN the_DT industry_NN identify_VB and_CC train_VB new_JJ members_NNS ,_, establish_VB workshops_NNS that_WDT develop_VBP talent_NN in_IN the_DT field_NN ,_, and_CC co-ordinate_JJ events_NNS such_JJ as_IN film_NN festivals_NNS ._. 
During_IN this_DT period_NN people_NNS address_VBP personal_JJ needs_VBZ which_WDT may_MD have_VB been_VBN neglected_VBN during_IN earlier_JJR career_NN stages_NNS because_IN of_IN the_DT necessity_NN to_TO survive_VB in_IN a_DT relatively_RB unforgiving_JJ industry_NN ._. 

In_IN a_DT ‘_NN weak_JJ ’_NN environment_NN that_WDT lasts_VBZ a_DT lifetime_NN ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ critical_JJ that_IN non-bureaucratic_JJ forms_NNS of_IN cohesion_NN bring_VB order_NN to_TO the_DT industry_NN ._. 
Part_NN of_IN this_DT cohesion_NN is_VBZ provided_VBN by_IN subcontractors_NNS ,_, whose_WP$ processes_NNS of_IN selection_NN ,_, training_NN ,_, and_CC socialisation_NN bring_VB boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS together_RB in_IN project_NN -_- based_JJ arrangements_NNS that_WDT provide_VBP tacit_JJ infrastructure_NN and_CC social_JJ familiarity_NN ._. 
However_RB ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ at_IN the_DT level_NN of_IN the_DT individual_JJ career_NN that_IN we_PRP can_MD most_RBS clearly_RB see_VB the_DT micro_JJ -_- level_NN behaviour_NN that_WDT fills_VBZ the_DT relatively_RB structure_NN -_- less_JJR context_NN ._. 
Despite_IN the_DT fact_NN that_IN no_DT explicit_JJ rules_NNS or_CC operating_NN procedures_NNS exist_VBP there_EX is_VBZ much_JJ tacit_JJ communication_NN that_IN binds_NNS professionals_NNS together_RB ._. 
The_DT aggregate_JJ effects_NNS of_IN individuals_NNS acting_VBG independently_RB leads_VBZ to_TO macro_JJ -_- level_NN cohesion_NN ._. 
Shared_NNP understanding_NN and_CC related_VBN expectations_NNS ,_, for_IN example_NN regarding_VBG the_DT need_NN for_IN unusual_JJ working_NN hours_NNS and_CC the_DT use_NN of_IN ‘_NN idle_JJ ’_NN time_NN to_TO teach_VB newcomers_NNS professional_JJ skills_NNS ,_, play_VBP a_DT key_JJ role_NN linking_VBG identities_NNS to_TO workplace_NN interactions_NNS ._. 
In_IN the_DT process_NN of_IN learning_VBG the_DT ropes_NNS ,_, individuals_NNS are_VBP socialised_JJ and_CC begin_VB to_TO make_VB key_JJ contacts_NNS that_WDT help_VBP progress_VB them_PRP to_TO the_DT next_JJ stages_NNS of_IN their_PRP$ career_NN ._. 
Once_RB socialised_JJ ,_, people_NNS engage_VBP in_IN collective_JJ learning_NN as_IN they_PRP problem_NN -_- solve_VB on_IN a_DT project_NN -_- by_IN -_- project_NN basis_NN ._. 
Learning_NNP accumulates_NNS ,_, disperses_NNS ,_, and_CC evolves_NNS as_IN industry_NN specialists_NNS enact_VB their_PRP$ working_VBG environment_NN ._. 

From_IN micro_JJ -_- level_NN enactment_NN we_PRP see_VBP macro_JJ -_- level_NN influence_NN and_CC patterns_NNS ,_, order_NN and_CC shape_NN in_IN the_DT independent_JJ film_NN industry_NN ._. 
Not_RB only_RB do_VBP we_PRP observe_VBP distinct_JJ stages_NNS of_IN careers_NNS ,_, we_PRP see_VBP aggregate_JJ social_JJ norms_NNS influencing_VBG behaviour_NN ._. 
What_WP one_PRP can_MD see_VB from_IN the_DT pattern_NN of_IN progression_NN that_IN characterises_NNS freelance_NN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS in_IN the_DT film_NN industry_NN is_VBZ that_IN although_IN few_JJ formal_JJ boundaries_NNS exist_VBP ,_, persistent_JJ social_JJ structures_NNS and_CC repeated_VBN patterns_NNS of_IN interaction_NN can_MD be_VB observed_VBN ._. 
In_IN the_DT process_NN of_IN enacting_VBG their_PRP$ careers_NNS ,_, individuals_NNS engage_VBP in_IN reinforcing_VBG the_DT cohesive_JJ social_JJ patterns_NNS of_IN the_DT industry_NN which_WDT serve_VBP to_TO guide_VB the_DT stages_NNS of_IN their_PRP$ development_NN ._. 
In_IN this_DT respect_NN careers_NNS in_IN the_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP and_CC the_DT film_NN industry_NN have_VBP much_RB in_IN common_JJ ,_, with_IN organising_VBG in_IN film_NN -_- making_NN resembling_VBG a_DT ‘_NN project_NN -_- based_JJ ’_NN Valley_NNP ._. 
Just_RB as_IN careers_NNS can_MD be_VB traced_VBN in_IN the_DT Valley_NNP through_IN the_DT development_NN of_IN technology_NN and_CC tightly_RB knit_VBN project_NN teams_NNS ,_, in_IN film_NN a_DT clear_JJ pattern_NN also_RB emerges_VBZ that_WDT reveals_VBZ micro_JJ -_- level_NN organising_VBG shaping_VBG macro_NN activity_NN ._. 

Refinements_NNP on_IN enactment_NN Agency_NNP and_CC communion_NN Both_DT of_IN our_PRP$ previous_JJ examples_NNS suggest_VBP that_IN the_DT enactment_NN of_IN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS unfolds_VBZ through_IN a_DT mixture_NN of_IN personal_JJ initiative_NN and_CC mutual_JJ co-operation_JJ ._. 
Marshall_NNP (_( 1989_CD )_) ,_, after_IN Bakan_NNP (_( 1966_CD )_) ,_, refers_VBZ to_TO the_DT elements_NNS in_IN this_DT mixture_NN as_IN agency_NN and_CC communion_NN ._. 
At_IN a_DT very_RB basic_JJ level_NN agency_NN is_VBZ about_IN control_NN and_CC communion_NN is_VBZ about_IN co-operation_JJ ._. 
Agency_NNP is_VBZ individualistic_JJ ,_, and_CC characterised_JJ by_IN autonomy_NN ,_, independence_NN ,_, initiative_NN ,_, and_CC adaptation_NN ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ fundamental_JJ to_TO boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS in_IN that_DT people_NNS are_VBP ultimately_RB responsible_JJ for_IN their_PRP$ own_JJ development_NN ._. 
Communion_NNP ,_, in_IN contrast_NN to_TO agency_NN ,_, is_VBZ concerned_VBN about_IN connections_NNS ,_, relationships_NNS ,_, tolerance_NN ,_, and_CC trust_NN ._. 
It_PRP is_VBZ fundamental_JJ to_TO boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS in_IN that_DT people_NNS need_VBP to_TO manage_VB their_PRP$ own_JJ arrangements_NNS for_IN working_VBG with_IN others.1_NN 

In_IN ‘_NN weak_JJ ’_NN environments_NNS ,_, in_IN which_WDT rules_NNS are_VBP not_RB defined_VBN and_CC behavioural_NN responses_NNS not_RB controlled_VBN ,_, both_DT agency_NN and_CC communion_NN are_VBP means_VBZ by_IN which_WDT people_NNS respond_VBP to_TO uncertainty_NN ._. 
Agency_NNP provides_VBZ direction_NN and_CC drive_NN to_TO career_NN behaviour_NN and_CC helps_VBZ to_TO diffuse_NN ambiguity_NN by_IN providing_VBG vision_NN and_CC long_JJ -_- term_NN goals_NNS ._. 
Left_NNP to_TO its_PRP$ own_JJ means_NNS ,_, however_RB ,_, agency_NN may_MD cause_VB strong_JJ hierarchies_NNS to_TO reform_VB ,_, the_DT balance_NN of_IN power_NN to_TO be_VB lost_VBN ,_, and_CC ,_, most_RBS importantly_RB ,_, the_DT trust_NN and_CC co-operation_JJ necessary_JJ for_IN people_NNS and_CC information_NN to_TO move_VB across_IN boundaries_NNS to_TO be_VB forfeited_JJ ._. 
Communion_NNP provides_VBZ the_DT platform_NN for_IN mutual_JJ support_NN and_CC collective_JJ learning_NN through_IN which_WDT shared_VBD visions_NNS may_MD be_VB pursued_VBN ._. 
However_RB ,_, unbridled_JJ communion_NN may_MD neglect_NN to_TO attend_VB to_TO the_DT mechanisms_NNS and_CC rewards_NNS through_IN which_WDT effective_JJ collaboration_NN can_MD occur_VB ._. 

The_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP and_CC independent_JJ film_NN -_- making_NN examples_NNS illustrate_VBP the_DT interplay_NN of_IN agency_NN and_CC communion_NN ._. 
Agency_NNP occurs_VBZ through_IN the_DT individual_JJ initiative_NN and_CC enthusiasm_NN people_NNS bring_VBP to_TO their_PRP$ careers_NNS within_IN their_PRP$ adopted_VBN industries_NNS ,_, communion_NN occurs_VBZ through_IN the_DT collaborative_JJ ways_NNS of_IN working_VBG that_DT substitute_NN for_IN more_JJR formal_JJ arrangements_NNS ._. 
Together_RB ,_, the_DT combination_NN of_IN behaviours_NNS supports_VBZ current_JJ high_JJ -_- technology_NN or_CC film_NN -_- making_NN projects_NNS while_IN it_PRP simultaneously_RB develops_VBZ people_NNS for_IN further_JJ opportunities_NNS ._. 
This_DT development_NN includes_VBZ community_NN -_- building_VBG that_WDT will_MD influence_VB the_DT make_VB -_- up_RP and_CC effectiveness_NN of_IN future_JJ project_NN teams_NNS ._. 
Host_NN industries_NNS will_MD thrive_VB ,_, our_PRP$ examples_NNS suggest_VBP ,_, as_RB long_RB as_IN agency_NN and_CC communion_NN are_VBP allowed_VBN to_TO work_VB in_IN tandem_JJ (_( Rousseau_NNP &_CC Arthur_NNP ,_, 1999_CD )_) ._. 

Contemporary_NNP views_NNS of_IN work_NN frequently_RB lament_NN a_DT loss_NN of_IN community_NN in_IN restructured_VBN employment_NN arrangements_NNS ._. 
However_RB ,_, in_IN calling_VBG for_IN a_DT return_NN to_TO community_NN ,_, these_DT views_NNS frequently_RB look_VBP no_RB further_RB than_IN the_DT single_JJ company_NN ._. 
An_DT enactment_NN perspective_NN suggests_VBZ that_IN communities_NNS can_MD be_VB much_RB more_RBR broadly_RB diffused_JJ ._. 
Both_DT the_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP and_CC film_NN -_- making_NN stories_NNS demonstrate_VBP that_IN host_NN industries_NNS ,_, as_RB well_RB as_IN their_PRP$ embedded_VBN occupations_NNS ,_, provide_VB alternative_JJ contexts_NNS for_IN community_NN -_- building_VBG to_TO occur_VB ._. 
Other_JJ kinds_NNS of_IN community_NN –_NN stemming_VBG ,_, for_IN example_NN ,_, from_IN shared_VBN ideological_JJ ,_, family_NN ,_, educational_JJ ,_, ethnic_JJ ,_, or_CC gender_NN attachments_NNS –_NN can_MD also_RB provide_VB enduring_VBG support_NN for_IN people_NNS ’_NN s_VBZ boundaryless_JJ career_NN endeavours_NNS (_( Parker_NNP &_CC Arthur_NNP ,_, 2000_CD )_) ._. 

1_CD Some_DT researchers_NNS ,_, notably_RB Marshall_NNP (_( 1989_CD )_) ,_, emphasise_NN the_DT feminine_JJ characteristics_NNS of_IN communion_NN versus_CC the_DT masculine_JJ characteristics_NNS of_IN agency_NN ._. 
We_PRP do_VBP not_RB do_VB so_RB here_RB ,_, although_IN it_PRP may_MD be_VB interesting_JJ to_TO contemplate_VB whether_IN the_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP is_VBZ ,_, in_IN the_DT broadest_JJS sense_NN ,_, ‘_NN feminised_JJ ’_NN ._. 

Reciprocity_NNP A_DT related_VBN concept_NN is_VBZ that_IN of_IN reciprocity_NN ._. 
Since_IN workers_NNS cannot_NN be_VBP all_DT things_NNS to_TO all_DT people_NNS all_DT of_IN the_DT time_NN ,_, a_DT balance_NN of_IN behaviours_NNS is_VBZ required_VBN ._. 
Reciprocity_NNP refers_VBZ to_TO the_DT connection_NN between_IN what_WP people_NNS give_VBP to_TO and_CC what_WP people_NNS take_VBP from_IN their_PRP$ employment_NN situations_NNS ._. 
Traditional_JJ career_NN models_NNS used_VBN to_TO prescribe_VB that_IN people_NNS offer_VBP loyalty_NN in_IN return_NN for_IN deferred_VBN rewards_NNS ._. 
Accordingly_RB ,_, deferred_VBN pension_NN rights_NNS ,_, vacation_NN time_NN ,_, promotion_NN opportunities_NNS ,_, and_CC social_JJ acceptance_NN were_VBD most_RBS reserved_VBN for_IN those_DT who_WP had_VBD ‘_NN served_VBN their_PRP$ time_NN ’_NN ._. 
In_IN contrast_NN ,_, those_DT who_WP changed_VBD employer_NN were_VBD handicapped_NNS by_IN the_DT loss_NN of_IN the_DT privileges_NNS that_IN they_PRP left_VBN behind_IN ._. 
The_DT Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP and_CC film_NN -_- making_NN worlds_NNS suggest_VBP a_DT different_JJ logic_NN :_: one_CD where_WRB the_DT old_JJ entitlement_NN -_- based_JJ models_NNS are_VBP a_DT hindrance_NN to_TO boundaryless_JJ career_NN investments_NNS ._. 

With_IN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS ,_, employment_NN relationships_NNS are_VBP too_RB fluid_JJ to_TO assume_VB the_DT trappings_NNS of_IN traditional_JJ loyalty_NN -_- based_JJ employment_NN systems_NNS ._. 
In_IN the_DT simplest_JJS case_NN ,_, employment_NN arrangements_NNS reflect_VBP a_DT ‘_NN spot_NN ’_NN contract_NN involving_VBG a_DT simple_JJ exchange_NN of_IN work_NN for_IN immediate_JJ financial_JJ payment_NN ._. 
However_RB ,_, our_PRP$ examples_NNS suggest_VBP subtler_NN forces_NNS are_VBP at_IN work_NN ._. 
People_NNS are_VBP recruited_VBN to_TO participate_VB in_IN high_JJ -_- technology_NN and_CC film_NN -_- making_NN projects_NNS for_IN the_DT skills_NNS that_IN they_PRP bring_VBP –_- skills_NNS that_WDT have_VBP been_VBN developed_VBN from_IN previous_JJ projects_NNS ._. 
The_DT system_NN ,_, at_IN its_PRP$ best_JJS ,_, consists_VBZ of_IN cycles_NNS in_IN which_WDT the_DT learning_VBG taken_VBN from_IN previous_JJ projects_NNS is_VBZ applied_VBN in_IN the_DT current_JJ project_NN ,_, which_WDT in_IN turn_NN provides_VBZ new_JJ learning_NN opportunities_NNS ._. 
The_DT simple_JJ exchange_NN of_IN commitment_NN to_TO do_VB one_CD ’_NN s_VBZ best_JJS in_IN return_NN for_IN learning_VBG opportunities_NNS may_MD be_VB a_DT common_JJ one_CD in_IN contemporary_JJ employment_NN ,_, and_CC one_CD that_WDT inspires_NNS many_JJ workers_NNS to_TO seek_VB new_JJ employment_NN pastures_NNS when_WRB their_PRP$ learning_NN slows_VBZ down_RB (_( Arthur_NNP ,_, Inkson_NNP &_CC Pringle_NNP ,_, 1999_CD )_) ._. 

The_DT concept_NN of_IN reciprocity_NN reinforces_VBZ the_DT significance_NN of_IN project_NN -_- based_JJ activities_NNS ._. 
Work_NN which_WDT provides_VBZ an_DT underlying_VBG project_NN -_- based_JJ structure_NN ,_, such_JJ as_IN in_IN construction_NN (_( ‘_NN jobs_NNS ’_NN )_) ,_, law_NN (_( cases_NNS )_) ,_, or_CC computing_NN (_( programmes_NNS )_) ,_, provides_VBZ a_DT particular_JJ time_NN span_NN for_IN reciprocities_NNS to_TO occur_VB ._. 
If_IN the_DT benefits_NNS are_VBP genuinely_RB mutual_JJ ,_, projects_NNS provide_VBP a_DT basis_NN for_IN high_JJ commitment_NN from_IN both_DT parties_NNS to_TO the_DT short_JJ -_- term_NN employment_NN contract_NN ._. 
Yet_RB ,_, the_DT benefits_NNS of_IN reciprocity_NN can_MD accrue_VB beyond_IN the_DT project_NN ’_NN s_VBZ conclusion_NN ._. 
Individuals_NNS can_MD take_VB their_PRP$ learning_VBG from_IN projects_NNS and_CC project_NN participants_NNS with_IN them_PRP ._. 
Meanwhile_RB ,_, their_PRP$ influence_NN on_IN other_JJ project_NN participants_NNS can_MD be_VB retained_VBN in_IN the_DT sponsoring_VBG company_NN ,_, or_CC the_DT host_NN industry_NN ,_, or_CC both_DT ._. 
Ultimately_RB ,_, other_JJ industries_NNS can_MD also_RB benefit_VB as_IN mobile_JJ workers_NNS transport_NN best_JJS practices_NNS to_TO new_JJ situations_NNS ._. 

A_DT new_JJ continuity_NN What_WP general_JJ lessons_NNS can_MD be_VB claimed_VBN from_IN our_PRP$ two_CD examples_NNS ?_. 
Many_JJ would_MD argue_VB that_IN traditional_JJ employment_NN systems_NNS ,_, going_VBG back_RB to_TO the_DT factories_NNS of_IN the_DT eighteenth_NN century_NN ,_, do_VBP not_RB favour_NN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS ._. 
We_PRP agree_VBP ,_, but_CC we_PRP also_RB live_VBP in_IN a_DT time_NN when_WRB those_DT systems_NNS are_VBP failing_VBG ,_, and_CC where_WRB their_PRP$ underlying_VBG assumptions_NNS of_IN stasis_NNS are_VBP incompatible_JJ with_IN the_DT emergent_NN reality_NN of_IN persistent_JJ change_NN ._. 
Moreover_RB ,_, those_DT systems_NNS were_VBD designed_VBN according_VBG to_TO a_DT conception_NN of_IN ‘_NN labour_NN capital_NN ’_NN rather_RB than_IN to_TO one_CD of_IN ‘_NN intellectual_JJ capital_NN ’_NN ._. 
Yet_RB ,_, it_PRP is_VBZ the_DT conception_NN of_IN intellectual_JJ capital_NN that_WDT is_VBZ increasingly_RB emphasised_JJ today_NN ._. 
Readers_NNS of_IN this_DT chapter_NN will_MD most_RBS likely_JJ see_VB themselves_PRP as_IN having_VBG a_DT capacity_NN for_IN continuous_JJ learning_NN ._. 
Is_VBZ it_PRP really_RB too_RB great_JJ a_DT step_NN to_TO extend_VB the_DT same_JJ belief_NN in_IN the_DT capacity_NN for_IN learning_VBG to_TO the_DT workforce_NN at_IN large_JJ ?_. 

If_IN the_DT workforce_NN at_IN large_JJ can_MD learn_VB ,_, what_WP are_VBP the_DT social_JJ arrangements_NNS that_IN best_JJS sustain_VB new_JJ learning_NN ?_. 
Leaving_VBG the_DT determination_NN of_IN what_WP is_VBZ to_TO be_VB learned_VBN to_TO a_DT few_JJ senior_JJ managers_NNS ?_. 
Knowing_VBG what_WP is_VBZ best_JJS for_IN people_NNS or_CC trusting_VBG that_IN they_PRP might_MD know_VB ,_, or_CC at_IN least_JJS contribute_VB to_TO knowing_VBG ,_, what_WP is_VBZ best_JJS for_IN themselves_PRP ?_. 
Having_VBG people_NNS trapped_VBN by_IN deferred_VBN rewards_NNS (_( Williamson_NNP ,_, 1975_CD )_) ,_, or_CC acknowledging_VBG that_IN those_DT rewards_NNS systems_NNS are_VBP grounded_VBN in_IN distrust_NN ?_. 

A_DT colleague_NN recently_RB visited_VBD the_DT Czech_JJ republic_NN ,_, and_CC explored_JJ that_DT country_NN ’_NN s_VBZ relatively_RB rapid_JJ adjustment_NN to_TO a_DT market_NN economy_NN ._. 
She_PRP asked_VBD what_WP was_VBD the_DT single_JJ best_JJS thing_NN a_DT Czech_JJ worker_NN could_MD do_VB to_TO learn_VB the_DT underlying_VBG principles_NNS of_IN the_DT market_NN ._. 
‘_NN Work_NN for_IN McDonalds_NNP ,_, ’_NN went_VBD the_DT surprising_JJ reply_NN ,_, ‘_NN but_CC only_RB for_IN six_CD months_NNS ._. ’_NN It_PRP was_VBD explained_VBN that_IN six_CD months_NNS was_VBD quite_RB long_RB enough_RB for_IN the_DT uninitiated_JJ worker_NN to_TO appreciate_VB the_DT importance_NN of_IN customers_NNS and_CC customer_NN service_NN ._. 
After_IN six_CD months_NNS ,_, the_DT worker_NN had_VBD learned_VBN what_WP he_PRP or_CC she_PRP could_MD and_CC it_PRP was_VBD time_NN ,_, from_IN a_DT career_NN perspective_NN ,_, to_TO move_VB on_IN ._. 

The_DT contrast_NN between_IN working_VBG for_IN McDonalds_NNP for_IN six_CD months_NNS or_CC working_VBG for_IN McDonalds_NNP for_IN a_DT lifetime_NN is_VBZ ,_, writ_NN large_JJ ,_, the_DT contrast_NN between_IN boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS and_CC their_PRP$ traditional_JJ bounded_JJ counterparts_NNS ._. 
Today_NN ’_NN s_VBZ work_NN is_VBZ increasingly_RB ‘_NN intelligent_JJ ’_NN work_NN (_( Quinn_NNP ,_, 1992_CD )_) ,_, that_WDT calls_VBZ on_IN workers_NNS ’_NN learning_VBG capacities_NNS ,_, and_CC –_NN as_IN our_PRP$ examples_NNS suggest_VBP –_NN provides_VBZ an_DT organising_VBG structure_NN rich_JJ in_IN project_NN opportunities_NNS through_IN which_WDT learning_VBG episodes_NNS can_MD unfold_VB ._. 
If_IN that_DT organising_VBG structure_NN is_VBZ lacking_VBG ,_, the_DT worker_NN can_MD heed_VB the_DT advice_NN of_IN our_PRP$ Czech_JJ informant_NN and_CC design_VB a_DT project_NN for_IN herself_PRP or_CC himself_PRP ._. 

In_IN the_DT future_NN ,_, we_PRP submit_VBP ,_, most_JJS careers_NNS will_MD be_VB boundaryless_JJ ._. 
We_PRP have_VBP sought_VBN to_TO illustrate_VB the_DT future_NN by_IN exploring_VBG two_CD industries_NNS where_WRB boundaryless_JJ careers_NNS have_VBP flourished_VBN –_NN reaping_VBG benefits_NNS for_IN people_NNS ,_, companies_NNS ,_, and_CC host_NN industries_NNS alike_RB ._. 
New_JJ theories_NNS ,_, such_JJ as_IN Karl_NNP Weick_NNP ’_NN s_VBZ theory_NN on_IN the_DT enactment_NN of_IN careers_NNS ,_, can_MD help_VB us_PRP to_TO understand_VB the_DT underlying_VBG patterns_NNS and_CC dynamics_NNS inherent_JJ in_IN complex_JJ ,_, self_NN -_- organising_NN ,_, social_JJ phenomena_NNS ._. 
People_NNS may_MD not_RB need_VB to_TO move_VB between_IN firms_NNS perpetually_RB ,_, but_CC they_PRP will_MD need_VB to_TO take_VB charge_NN of_IN their_PRP$ own_JJ learning_NN agendas_NNS ._. 
As_IN they_PRP take_VBP charge_NN ,_, boundaries_NNS will_MD form_VB and_CC re-form_JJ ,_, and_CC underlying_VBG order_NN provide_VBP a_DT macro_JJ -_- economic_JJ stability_NN in_IN an_DT environment_NN in_IN which_WDT ‘_NN organization_NN man_NN ’_NN has_VBZ become_VBN all_DT but_CC extinct_JJ ._. 

acknowledgements_NNS We_PRP are_VBP deeply_RB indebted_JJ to_TO Polly_NNP Parker_NNP of_IN the_DT University_NNP of_IN Auckland_NNP ,_, New_NNP Zealand_NNP ,_, Anne_NNP Duncan_NNP and_CC Svenja_NNP Tams_NNP of_IN the_DT London_NNP Business_NNP School_NNP ,_, and_CC Julian_NNP Smith_NNP for_IN their_PRP$ feedback_NN on_IN an_DT earlier_JJR draft_NN of_IN this_DT chapter_NN ._. 
Special_JJ thanks_NNS go_VBP to_TO AnnaLee_NNP Saxenian_NNP ,_, Candace_NNP Jones_NNP ,_, and_CC Karl_NNP Weick_NNP ,_, authors_NNS of_IN chapters_NNS in_IN The_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN in_IN which_WDT these_DT ideas_NNS were_VBD originally_RB presented_VBN and_CC on_IN which_WDT the_DT bulk_NN of_IN this_DT text_NN is_VBZ based_VBN ._. 

references_NNS Arthur_NNP ,_, M. B._NN ,_, Inkson_NNP ,_, K._NN ,_, &_CC Pringle_NNP ,_, J. K._NN ,_, (_( 1999_CD )_) ._. The_DT new_JJ careers_NNS :_: Individual_NNP action_NN and_CC economic_JJ change_NN ._. London_NNP :_: Sage_NNP ._. 
Arthur_NNP ,_, M. B._NN &_CC Rousseau_NNP ,_, D. M._NN (_( Eds_NNP ._. )_) (_( 1996_CD )_) ._. The_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN :_: A_DT new_JJ employment_NN principle_NN for_IN a_DT new_JJ organizational_JJ era_NN ._. New_NNP York_NNP :_: Oxford_NNP University_NNP Press_NNP ._. 
Bakan_NNP ,_, D._NN (_( 1966_CD )_) ._. The_DT duality_NN of_IN human_JJ existence_NN :_: An_DT essay_NN on_IN psychology_NN and_CC religion_NN ._. Boston_NNP :_: Beacon_NNP ._. 
Collins_NNP ,_, J. C._NN &_CC Porras_NNP ,_, J. L._NN (_( 1995_CD )_) ._. Built_VBN to_TO last_VB :_: Successful_JJ habits_NNS of_IN visionary_JJ companies_NNS ._. London_NNP :_: Century_NNP ._. 
Jones_NNP ,_, C._NN (_( 1996_CD )_) ._. Careers_NNS in_IN project_NN networks_NNS :_: The_DT case_NN of_IN the_DT film_NN industry_NN ._. In_IN M. B._NN Arthur_NNP &_CC D. M._NN Rousseau_NNP (_( Eds_NNP ._. )_) ,_, The_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN :_: A_DT new_JJ employment_NN principle_NN for_IN a_DT new_JJ organizational_JJ era_NN (_( pp._NN 58_CD –_NN 75_CD )_) ._. New_NNP York_NNP :_: Oxford_NNP University_NNP Press_NNP ._. 
Marshall_NNP ,_, J._NN (_( 1989_CD )_) ._. Re-visioning_NNP career_NN concepts_NNS :_: A_DT feminist_JJ invitation_NN ._. In_IN M. B._NN Arthur_NNP ,_, D. T._NN Hall_NNP ,_, &_CC B. S._NN Lawrence_NNP (_( Eds_NNP ._. )_) ,_, Handbook_NNP of_IN career_NN theory_NN (_( pp._NN 275_CD –_NN 291_CD )_) ._. New_NNP York_NNP :_: Cambridge_NNP University_NNP Press_NNP ._. 
Mischel_NNP ,_, W._NN (_( 1968_CD )_) ._. Personality_NNP and_CC assessment_NN ._. New_NNP York_NNP :_: John_NNP Wiley_NNP &_CC Sons_NNP ._. 
Parker_NNP ,_, P._NN &_CC Arthur_NNP ,_, M. B._NN (_( 2000_CD )_) ._. Careers_NNS ,_, organizing_VBG and_CC community_NN ._. In_IN M. B._NN Arthur_NNP ,_, M. A._NN Peiperl_NNP ,_, R._NN Goffee_NNP ,_, &_CC T._NN Morris_NNP ,_, (_( Eds_NNP ._. )_) ,_, Career_NNP frontiers_NNS :_: New_NNP conceptions_NNS of_IN working_VBG lives_NNS (_( pp._NN 99_CD –_NN 121_CD )_) ._. Oxford_NNP :_: Oxford_NNP University_NNP Press_NNP ._. 
Quinn_NNP ,_, J. B._NN (_( 1992_CD )_) ._. Intelligent_NNP enterprise_NN ._. New_NNP York_NNP :_: Free_NNP Press_NNP ._. 
Rousseau_NNP ,_, D. M._NN &_CC Arthur_NNP ,_, M. B._NN (_( 1999_CD )_) ._. The_DT boundaryless_JJ human_JJ resource_NN function_NN :_: building_NN agency_NN and_CC community_NN in_IN the_DT new_JJ economic_JJ era_NN ._. Organizational_NNP Dynamics_NNP 27_CD (_( 4_CD )_) ,_, 7_CD –_NN 18_CD ._. 
Saxenian_NNP ,_, A._NN (_( 1996_CD )_) ._. Beyond_IN boundaries_NNS :_: Open_NNP labor_NN markets_NNS and_CC learning_VBG in_IN Silicon_NNP Valley_NNP ._. In_IN M. B._NN Arthur_NNP &_CC D. M._NN Rousseau_NNP (_( Eds_NNP ._. )_) ,_, The_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN :_: A_DT new_JJ employment_NN principle_NN for_IN a_DT new_JJ organizational_JJ era_NN (_( pp._NN 23_CD –_NN 39_CD )_) ._. New_NNP York_NNP :_: Oxford_NNP University_NNP Press_NNP ._. 
Weick_NNP ,_, K. E._NN (_( 1979_CD )_) ._. The_DT social_JJ psychology_NN of_IN organizing_VBG ,_, (_( 2nd_CD edn_NN )_) ._. Reading_VBG ,_, MA_NNP :_: Addison_NNP -_- Wesley_NNP ._. (_( 1995_CD )_) ._. Sensemaking_NNP in_IN organizations_NNS ._. Thousand_NNP Oaks_NNP ,_, CA_NNP :_: Sage_NNP ._. (_( 1996_CD )_) ._. Enactment_NNP and_CC the_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN :_: Organizing_NNP as_IN we_PRP work_VBP ._. In_IN M. B._NN Arthur_NNP &_CC D. M._NN Rousseau_NNP (_( Eds_NNP ._. )_) ,_, The_DT boundaryless_JJ career_NN :_: A_DT new_JJ employment_NN principle_NN for_IN a_DT new_JJ organizational_JJ era_NN (_( pp._NN 40_CD –_NN 57_CD )_) ._. New_NNP York_NNP :_: Oxford_NNP University_NNP Press_NNP ._. 
Whyte_NNP ,_, W. H._NN (_( 1956_CD )_) ._. The_DT organization_NN man_NN ._. New_NNP York_NNP :_: Simon_NNP and_CC Schuster_NNP ._. 
Williamson_NNP ,_, O. E._NN (_( 1975_CD )_) ._. Markets_NNS and_CC hierarchies_NNS :_: Analysis_NNP and_CC antitrust_JJ implications_NNS ._. New_NNP York_NNP :_: Free_NNP Press_NNP ._. 
